Benjamin O. Davis - Tuskegee Airmen - World War II

Benjamin O. Davis - Tuskegee Airmen - World War II Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. (conceived December 18,â 1912â at Washington, DC) earned notoriety as the pioneer of the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II. He had an enriched thirty-eight-year profession before he resigned from well-trained. He kicked the bucket on July 4, 2002, and was covered at Arlington National Cemetery with much qualification. Early Years Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. was the child of Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. what's more, his significant other Elnora. A vocation US Army official, the senior Davis later turned into the administrations first African-American general in 1941. Losing his mom at age four, the more youthful Davis was raised on different military posts and looked as his dads vocation was hampered by the US Armys segregationist approaches. In 1926, Davis had his first involvement in flying when he had the option to fly with a pilot from Bolling Field. After quickly going to the University of Chicago, he chose for seek after a military vocation with the desire for figuring out how to fly. Looking for admission to West Point, Davis got an arrangement from Congressmen Oscar DePriest, the main African-American individual from the House of Representatives, in 1932. West Point In spite of the fact that Davis trusted that his schoolmates would pass judgment on him on his character and execution instead of his race, he was immediately disregarded by different cadets. With an end goal to drive him from the institute, the cadets exposed him to the quiet treatment. Living and feasting alone, Davis suffered and graduated in 1936. Just the academys fourth African-American alumni, he positioned 35th in a class of 278. In spite of the fact that Davis had applied for admission to the Army Air Corps and had the essential capabilities, he was denied as there were no all-dark flight units. Therefore, he was presented on the all-dark 24th Infantry Regiment. Based at Fort Benning, he instructed a help organization until going to the Infantry School. Finishing the course, he got requests to move to Tuskegee Institute as a Reserve Officers Training Corps teacher. Figuring out how to Fly As Tuskegee was a customarily African-American school, the position permitted the US Army to relegate Davis some place where he was unable to order white soldiers. In 1941, with World War II seething abroad, President Franklin Roosevelt and Congress guided the War Department to shape an all-dark flying unit inside the Army Air Corps. Admitted to the primary instructional course at close by Tuskegee Army Air Field, Davis turned into the main African-American pilot to solo in an Army Air Corps airplane. Winning his wings on March 7, 1942, he was one of the initial five African-American officials to move on from the program. He would be trailed by about 1,000 more Tuskegee Airmen. 99th Pursuit Squadron Having been elevated to lieutenant colonel in May, Davis was provided order of the primary all-dark battle unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron. Working up through the fall of 1942, the 99th was initially booked to give air guard over Liberia however later was coordinated to the Mediterranean to help the battle in North Africa. Furnished with Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, Davis order started working from Tunis, Tunisia in June 1943 as a major aspect of the 33rd Fighter Group. Showing up, their tasks were hampered by segregationist and supremacist activities with respect to 33rds officer, Colonel William Momyer. Requested to a ground assault job, Davis drove his group on its first battle crucial June 2. This saw the 99th assault the island of Pantelleria in anticipation of the attack of Sicily. Driving the 99th through the late spring, Davis men performed well, however Momyer revealed in any case to the War Department and expressed that African-American pilots were second rate. As the US Army Air Forces were surveying the making of extra all-dark units, US Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall requested the issue considered. Thus, Davis got requests to come back to Washington in September to affirm before the Advisory Committee on Negro Troop Policies. Conveying enthusiastic declaration, he effectively shielded the 99ths battle record and prepared for the development of new units. Provided order of the new 332nd Fighter Group, Davis arranged the unit for administration abroad. 332nd Fighter Group Comprising of four every single dark group, including the 99th, Davis new unit started working from Ramitelli, Italy in pre-summer 1944. Reliable with his new order, Davis was elevated to colonel on May 29. At first furnished with Bell P-39 Airacobras, the 332nd changed to the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt in June. Driving from the front, Davis by and by drove the 332nd on a few events including during an escort strategic saw Consolidated B-24 Liberators strike Munich. Changing toward the North American P-51 Mustang in July, the 332nd started to procure a notoriety for being extraordinary compared to other contender units in the theater. Known as the Red Tails because of the particular markings on their airplane, Davis men aggregated an amazing record through the finish of the war in Europe and exceeded expectations as plane escorts. During his time in Europe, Davis flew sixty battle missions and won the Silver Star and Distinguished Flying Cross. After war On July 1, 1945, Davis got requests to assume responsibility for the 477th Composite Group. Comprising of the 99th Fighter Squadron and the all-dark 617th and 618th Bombardment Squadrons, Davis was entrusted with setting up the gathering for battle. Starting work, the war finished before the unit was prepared to convey. Staying with the unit after the war, Davis moved to the recently framed US Air Force in 1947. Following President Harry S. Trumans official request, which integrated the US military in 1948, Davis supported in incorporating the US Air Force. The following summer, he went to the Air War College turning into the main African-American to move on from an American war school. In the wake of finishing his investigations in 1950, he filled in as head of the Air Defense Branch of Air Force activities. In 1953, with the Korean War seething, Davis got order of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing. Situated in Suwon, South Korea, he flew the North American F-86 Saber. In 1954, he moved to Japan for administration with the Thirteenth Air Force (13 AF). Elevated to brigadier general that October, Davis became bad habit officer of 13 AF the next year. In this job, he helped in revamping the Nationalist Chinese aviation based armed forces on Taiwan. Requested to Europe in 1957, Davis got head of staff for the Twelfth Air Force at Ramstein Air Base in Germany. That December, he started administration as head of staff for activities, Headquarters US Air Forces in Europe. Elevated to significant general in 1959, Davis got back in 1961 and accepted the workplace of Director of Manpower and Organization. In April 1965, following quite a while of Pentagon administration, Davis was elevated to lieutenant general and appointed as head of staff for the United Nations Command and US Forces in Korea. After two years, he moved south to assume responsibility for the Thirteenth Air Force, which was then situated in the Philippines. Staying there for a year, Davis became appointee president, US Strike Command in August 1968, and furthermore filled in as president, Middle-East, Southern Asia, and Africa. On February 1, 1970, Davis finished his thirty-eight-year profession and resigned from deployment ready. Later Life Tolerating a situation with the US Department of Transportation, Davis became Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs in 1971. Serving for a long time, he resigned in 1975. In 1998, President Bill Clinton elevated Davis to general in acknowledgment of his accomplishments. Experiencing Alzheimers sickness, Davis kicked the bucket at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on July 4, 2002. After thirteen days, he was covered at Arlington National Cemetery as a red-followed P-51 Mustang flew overhead. Chosen Sources US Air Force: General Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.Aviation History: Benjamin DavisNational Park Service: Benjamin O. Davis

Cloud Computing and Enterprise Resource - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Cloud Computing and Enterprise Resource. Answer: Presentation: The accompanying report is spoken to as a hazard appraisal performed on the IT division of Aztech regarding the venture proposition given by tactician to send the BYOD inside Aztechs work environment condition. The report is created post-thought of an assortment of task portfolios in the hands of senior administrators. Hazard evaluation has been directed remembering the idea of industry the organization works in and its workforce quality. The appraisal likewise covers the legitimate structures, money related measurements and security worries over the utilization of Bring Your Own Device while distinguishing the potential dangers that can hamper the companys endurance over the long haul. To sum up the above focuses, the assessment has recognized the danger of information security as the most helpless one in the whole hazard space for organizations working inside budgetary assistance segment. The cutting edge associations that work in the 21st century have seen a great deal of headways in the field of Information and Communication innovation. The ICT has been utilized broadly in different zones to make the business forms simpler to direct. Practically all the private and government areas have received a progression of IT applications and framework programming to encourage their everyday departmental activities and improve the productivity of whatever they do. The appropriation has additionally been global and this thing get muddled with a heaps of incorporated functionalities related with a solitary IT foundation. In the private associations that offer budgetary administrations, exactness and accuracy with numerical figures become profoundly huge on the grounds that similar yields efficiency for customers. For getting calculative and keeping electronic records of everything, the authoritative offices utilize the Enterprise Resource Planning or the ERP techniques, cloud ca lculation, apparatuses utilities for information investigation, made sure about or encoded entryways for cash exchanges, digitized correspondence, reconciliation of various programming for composed tasks and a lot more things. A very much perceived utilization of IT applications can be seen set up where the venture alternatives are dematerialized. It has given a fruitful measurement to the significant business. Every Australian association that offer money related administrations have developed as solid part of the countrys economy for a considerable length of time. This is obvious from the manner in which associations could confront the worldwide budgetary emergency between the year 2008 and 2011. These associations have just grown high level of status for meeting the current guidelines and innovative hindrances of the current century. Furthermore the ecological difficulties are likewise offered through severe principles and administrative bodies. It turns into a commitment to show higher level of consistence with the legislature just as the general public when the segment and social measurements witness speedy changes. Innovative patterns clear a path for altered guidelines and guidelines on the utilization of internet based life, stages used in PDAs, information security, framework changes at the center level and so forth. In this way, the hazard evaluation of budgetary specialist organizations in Australia gets extreme to lead in light of the fact that numerous progressions on the double (Saini, et al 2011). It was enthusiastically suggested by Drucker, the prominent man behind administration rules that business associations of any size ought to break down the market and foresee the potential changes that could either lift or decay their present pace of business achievement. He underscored on benefiting from the chances so any sort of business undertaking can be adequately executed. This report is intended to complete an investigation of the dangers and openings related with the recently referenced IT anticipate in Aztek Corporation which works in the monetary assistance area of Australia. Foundation to the Case Study Aztech Corporation holds the situation as one of the main associations in Australian Financial market. After its joining in the year 1960, it set up its corporate office in the locale of Sydney and the workplace before long got operational. The business firm arrangements in an all-inclusive scope of money related administrations which incorporates fundamentally broad and life protections. It likewise offers speculation items to retailers and different individuals from partnerships who are dynamic in value and obligation business. Aside from that, it additionally has a wide scope of home loan and credit administrations for explicit purchasers who contain a predominant piece of its Aztechs item portion. By and by, the organization claims 20 provincial workplaces where over a thousand representatives have been working. As of the year 2014, the organization has a reasonable notoriety in money related division of Australia and is on the advancement of accomplishing high CSR or Corporate S ocial Responsibility in its operational locales. The response of the organization to whimsical changes in the IT framework and patterns has been proactive since it creates and overhauls its applications to meet the all-inclusive necessities every once in a while. Aztech turned into the first of its sort to present the online installment benefits in the year 1999 by highlighting made sure about and entryways that are start to finish scrambled. Presentation of installment doors was a helpful factor for the financial specialists who could execute their business issues from any area without confronting topographical obstructions. At the point when the organization presented the SAP Enterprise Resource Planning frameworks in the year 2005, things took an inclined heading and the firm begun watching expanded proficiency of interdepartmental capacities. Aztechs portion of business and its authoritative workplaces were connected together dependent on an ongoing domain. Its tasks turned out to be increasingly straightforward therefore makin g higher interests to customers hailing from corporate and retail parts. Aztechs official site is made sure about and requires the two its customers and its workers to enroll themselves with the site. While the customers and workers are remotely situated at their separate places, their framework IPs are followed by the ERP framework joined inside the associations primary server. The login data of representatives is recorded for participation purposes once they get to their enrolled accounts. The application programming introduced in every one of the workers and customers frameworks is intended to channel the clients by methods for an unmistakable password. For example, the interface present inside a customers framework or a representatives framework would not permit the information in regards to credit items to be gotten to by somebody who is related with the division of protection. By getting to the companys essential site, an enlisted client can approach applicable data relating to ventures and credit items. He/she can likewise do buying on a similar stage without requiring the workers to get included. The procedure is very computerized however the equivalent is made conceivable as a result of a progression of interconnected programming, database and installment doors that make enrollment and online exchanges conceivable. The guidelines and guidelines set somewhere near the Australian government becomes an integral factor in the exchange cycle around every sort of speculation and the exchange business strategies are characterized independently for every one of the venture alternative. The distinctions in rules are according to the enactment drafted by the Australian Commission of Securities and Investments. The exchanges of different customers in Aztech are completed the companys concerned IT division by methods for virtual administration. The enrolled ledger of every customer is connected to his/her particular dematerialization account. This gives the customers reasonable interface for making interests in different money related instruments from their own areas. Indeed, even with such perfection of virtual activities, the general IT foundation of the organization is saved straightforward for drawing in huge number of retail and corporate financial specialists. To be sure, specialized complexities even on a PC screen can turn down possibilities in light of people trepidation of budgetary misfortunes. Then again, application programming that gives a well disposed interface and effectively reasonable functionalities is probably going to speak to any customer. Aztech has its own committed office for settling the client complaints and reacting to their business-related inquiries. The Customer Service Executives give continuous help by methods for telephonic discussion and the voice communications are put away safely as advanced information in the companys database. The associations site implied for web based exchanging is kept refreshed on hourly reason for conveying constant data identified with trades and purchasing selling estimations of vario us wares that are exchanged. To stay serious in todays worldwide field, it is exceptionally expected of an association to have a serious IT foundation and experts (Campbell, et al 2010). The BYOD venture proposed by tactician alludes to the idea of Bring Your Own Device. It suggests that the representatives of an association can carry their very own gadgets to the work environment for achieving their doled out occupations. These gadgets may incorporate the individual workstations, phones, PDAs, tablets or whatever other gadget that underpins an interface for office works. If there should be an occurrence of Aztech, the works compare to exchanging, business investigation, database the executives and treatment of exchanges. A few organizations around the world have just embraced such a thought in their working environments. The thing to see is that the individual gadgets go about as the sole gadgets that their particular proprietors depend upon. In any case, this doesn't bring down the pith of for all intents and purposes found applications since gadgets just go about as individual equipment. There is constantly a basic need of incorporating these individual gadgets wi th the ERP applications that help the business exercises. Precisel

5 Art History Books You Can Read In A Weekend

5 Art History Books You Can Read In A Weekend If you are, like me, an uncultured amorphous lump of tweets, then you’re starving for short educational remedies in modern art history. So here are five easily digestible art history books you can consume before you’re exposed as dilettante. Life With Picasso by Francoise Gilot and Carlton Lake It is not quite an art history, a biography, or a memoir. It is a stirring of the three by the iconic Françoise Gilot to make something a more intimate history. While it easy to compare her own works with Picasso, Gilotâ€"and Lakeâ€"pivot away from this cliché to explore the pains and ecstasies of two artists sharing ten years and two children together. Post-Colonial Art and Global Aesthetics by Akinwumi Adesokan It may seem like an stretch to go from an artists memoir to a dialectical art history yet Adesokan’s intelligent, readable prose handles the complex without headache. The volume is lightweight without sacrificing the gravity of its subject and Adesokan clearly cares enough about the reader to break down complex historical relationships. However this book will ensure you can’t walk through a Western museum’s African art wing without layers of complex rage. My Faraway One: Letters of Georgia O’Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz: Volume One, 1915-1933 edited by Sarah Greenough Departing from Art History and towards artists’ history, this love letter collection is one of the most revealing. Georgia O’Keeffes tryst with Alfred Stieglitz was one of the most entrancing modern romances of the twentieth century and this type of publication does push the limits of personal understanding. A weekend with the first volume will leave you sensitive and with a deep appreciation for the inner lives of artists. Women Photographers by Constance Sullivan While there are many, many, many, options for contemporary female photographers (and hopefully this publishing practice will never die), Sullivan’s work is a genesis collection. It was published at a time when art histories were curated towards western male artists; two years before Madonna’s Sex was published  and everyone started to give a shit. Sullivan’s struggles mirrored the challenges of her collective subjects, women who faced discrimination as photographers when photography was still not treated as a serious art form. Black Arts and Aesthetics: A Bibliography by Carolyn Fowler Not gonna lie, this will not be an easy volume to find (Atlanta’s Vintage Bookstore has six copies left as of April 2018) but is one of the most seminal collections and essays produced about the cultural magnitude of Black Artists. If you want to go beyond a breezy weekend read and understand the full weight of Black American artistic and aesthetic history, then you’ll need this bibliography. What are your favorite art history books?   Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Morality Vs. Truth The Dilemma Media Outlets Face

Vanessa Cuenco Rhet 110-18 Prof. MacKenzie Analysis/Evaluation/Synthesis 5 December 2014 Morality vs. Truth: The Dilemma Media Outlets Face We are surrounded by news. Because of the amount of technology readily available at our fingertips, news is everywhere. It is no longer predominately supplied to the public through newspapers or radios at scheduled times. Instead, news is accessible nearly anywhere at any time. With just a click of a button, news can be accessed from your phone, tablet, or laptop in no time at all. Through different news sites, or even on different social medias, you can find local, national, and international news. Stories can range anywhere from pop culture to more serious topics like tragedies. Some of those news stories create an ethical dilemma, especially when they involve death. Though news stories and their images are meant to be informational, their content can sometimes be unsettling for readers. The use of certain diction and the connotation that word choice creates can offend some people while not even phasing others. The two ar ticles â€Å"Face to Face with Tragedy† and â€Å"Disturbing Media Images of Haiti Earthquake Aftermath Tell Only Part of the Story† portray positive and negative views on a particular international event covered by multiple news sources. Both articles explore how the media shares information and the different ways readers interpret it. The authors suggest ethical dilemmas faced by news media. When documentingShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. 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Drilling Rigs Offshore Drilling - 5013 Words

An offshore drilling rig is a machine that creates holes (usually called wells or boreholes) and/or shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be huge structures that house equipment which is then used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas wells. The term â€Å"rig† refers to the complexity of the equipment that is used to penetrate deep into the surface of the earth’s hard crust. Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled through the seabed. Typically carried out in order to explore and extract petroleum which lies in rock formations beneath the seabed. The term is used to describe drilling activities on the continental shelf, the term can also be applied to drilling in lakes, inshore waters and inland†¦show more content†¦Oil rigs are primarily used in the drilling of wells and various platforms are mounted directly on the working field for the extraction of oil and/or gas. In some cases the drilling for natural oil and gas offshore is really far away from shore/land and therefore various challenges and hurdles are encountered in drilling offshore than onshore. When drilling at sea, the sea floor is often found to be thousands of feet below sea level. Hence, when dealing with onshore drilling, there is a ground which provides a solid relatively easy platform on which to drill, as compared to at sea on which an artificial d rilling platform has to be constructed (Sadeghi, 2007). . Moveable offshore drilling platforms/rigs Generally, there exist two different types of offshore drilling rigs. The first is called a moveable offshore drilling rig. This can be moved from one place to the other and the second type is called fixed rigs (Sadeghi, 2007). Drilling barges These are used most commonly in inland shallow water drilling. This usually takes place in small water bodies such as lakes, swamps, rivers. Drilling barges are essentially massive floating platforms that need to be towed via a tugboat from one location to the other. Suitable for small water bodies which comprise of still and shallow waters - drilling barges are unable to resist and endure the strong and rapid water movements that are found in large water body environments such as oceans (Sadeghi, 2007). JackupShow MoreRelatedDeepwater Horizon Was An Offshore Drilling Rig966 Words   |  4 PagesHorizon was an offshore drilling rig built in 2001 in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries. In September 2009, the rig drilled the deepest oil well in history with a vertical depth of 35,050 feet. An unplanned flow of well fluids into the wellbore can be dangerous as it could cause a blowout which would then cause a fire. In order to prevent this, driller’s pump a drilling mud into the well, creating a barrier between the undersea oil and gas and the rig. 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Among them contract drilling market is most important, because it ensures smooth cash flow between markets. drilling units is summarised in the table below. The table above describes cash flow within offshore drilling markets. Contract drilling market leases drilling units to OG companies to drill or service wells, in turn theyRead MoreOffshore Oil Drilling and the Deepwater Horizon Spill of the Gulf of Mexico1591 Words   |  7 Pagesfossil fuel, oil drilling is used. Land-based oil drilling became less productive and as the global stipulation for energy increased, technology, law, and geology impacts stepped in and pushed the exploration of oil away from shores (CITE). With its historical background, offshore oil drilling is one of the most important aspects of today’s economy although we are faced with its risks and consequences, such as the BP Deepwater Horizon explosion of the Gulf of Mexico. 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This is when crude oil that seeps in the ocean water from geologic formations beneath the ocean floor. Despite these risks, the growth of the global oil businesses continue to grow and our need, and ultimately our dependency on it, grow right along with it. Arguably, the greatest impact of off-shore drilling on the environment is indisputable. There are 3,500 drilling rigs and platforms, 79 of them deep-water wellsRead MoreOil Drilling Essay examples1403 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica’s has massive oil demands and off-shore drilling has become a temporary solution and scientist are trying to find alternative sources of energy that can last us a very long time. There are many disadvantages and hazards when it comes to offshore drilling. Theses disadvantages can affect the wildlife, animal population, marine environments, pollution and much more. With there being so many disadvantages for offshore drilling, why continue drilling? 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Building a Bridge to the 18th C Free Essays

Chapter one and two of the book â€Å"Building a bridge to the 18th Century† by Postman Neil is talking about the progress of man through the time he has inhabited the earth and what has been the catapulting force to great heights that has seen him achieve much in little time. Progress is described as a brainchild of enlightment which then releases vitality and inspiring confidence like the one that is seen in the 18th century. Much of what is seen as great achievement of 20th century is as a result of great work and thinking of people in the middle ages. We will write a custom essay sample on Building a Bridge to the 18th C or any similar topic only for you Order Now This then transfers enormous credit to the philosophers and scientists in middle ages for starting the progress back then. The 18th century has been depicted as a period of great thinkers who invented things virtually in all spheres of life and for mankind to progress; the answer does not lie in the future or the current times but going back to that great century. The progress being advocated for is scientific or technological advancement which requires no moral authority as opposed to moral progress that can be attributed to enlightment coupled with poetic imagination. The two forms of progress happen concurrently and it is hard to separate them throughout the ages that man has sought to tread in footsteps of enlightment. The idea of rationality, materialism and deconstruction have been discussed at length but not well understood owing to the fact they are mainly articulated from a Christian perspective of philosophers who were mainly Christians. Therefore their fundamental understanding of rationality is through idealism advanced in those times of insurgency and revolt against the orthodox running of the Christian faith. It follows that rationality has radical expression through progress. Reference Postman, N. (1999). Building a Bridge to the Eighteenth Century: Ideas from the Past That Can Improve Our Future. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Incorporated How to cite Building a Bridge to the 18th C, Papers

Superfund Issue Essays - Hazardous Waste, , Term Papers

Superfund Issue There have been few environmental problems that have posed the same level of concern as that of the hazardous waste issue. Similarly, few environmental laws have caused the level of frustration as that felt towards Superfund, the main legislative tool that was designed to address the public fears in regards to hazardous waste. Superfund is a law that was passed in 1980. It is formally known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, or CERCLA. It established a special fund called the Superfund Trust Fund as a pot of money, 1.6 billion over 5 years, which was originally planned to finance the clean up of some 400 sites. Today, Superfund has grown into one of the nations largest environmental projects with over 30 billion being spent on over 1200 sites. The EPA, with the aid of state and tribal governments, is the agency charged with implementing and enforcing the Superfund Program. Since the Superfund was designed to be used for abandoned sites where the responsible parties are unknown or bankrupt, the EPA makes every effort to identify the parties responsible for the contamination so they can be held liable for the costs of the cleanup. Superfund sites are discovered by local and state agencies performing inspections, businesses, the EPA, the Coast Guard or anybody else who takes the initiative to report a potentially hazardous waste site to the National Hotline Number. When sites are identified the EPA must decide if it requires an emergency response, an early action, or a long-term action. EPA Overview/Analysis of Superfund uses a scorecard method called the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to determine the level of danger in a hazardous waste site. If the site requires immediate action to eliminate serious risk to human health or the environment, it will be dealt with as an emergency response. If a site poses a threat in the near future, an early action will be enacted to contain the risk. Typically, Early Action goals are to; prevent direct human contact with contaminants from the site; remove hazardous materials from the site; prevent contaminants from spreading off the site; provide water to residents whose drinking water has been contaminated by the site; or temporarily or permanently evacuate and, if necessary, relocate nearby residents. Early actions can last from a few days up to 5 years. If a site has been polluted for many years, it may take a few years to decades to cleanup. For sites such as these, Long-Term Actions are taken which include restoring ground water and taking measures to protect wetlands, estuaries, and other ecological resources. The people responsible for contamination areas are referred to as Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs). The EPA has many ways of identifying PRPs. EPA investigators review site files kept by Federal, state and local agencies, review land deeds and titles at the local courthouse, look for names on drums or other hazardous materials at the site, and interview employees, former employees or neighbors of the site. When a responsible party is found, they can be used to find other responsible parties. Once the parties are identified, the EPA generates information request letters to get further information concerning the PRPs ability to pay for the cleanup action. Overview/Analysis of Superfund Analysis The Superfund program is without question a necessity that, even if having met none of its intended goals, has managed to enhance the awareness of the responsible parties of hazardous waste sites. For that alone it as been of great value in reducing the occurrence of hazardous waste sites which would have previously developed as a result of environmental ignorance But, as an effective tool for cleanup, it's not as successful as had been hoped. The two major complaints of Superfund are the enormous costs and the long delays in processing a site for cleanup. As of 1996, only about 200 of the 1200 sites listed on the National Priority List had been completely cleaned up and with a cost average of $30 million and 12 years per site. One of the chief reasons for Superfund's exploding costs is the free-for-all pursuit of responsible parties allowed by the act. Superfund calls for retroactive liability, meaning that corporate practices that might have been perfectly legal, fully permitted and safe under the law years ago can now be punished retroactively. Potentially Responsible Parties are defined under the law as, (1) those who own or operate a site; (2) owned or operated a site at the time of the disposal of wastes; (3) arranged for disposal, treatment, or transportation of waste;